Grade+9+Physics

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 **Learning about Light**

[|The Layered Curriculum]
(maximum of 80 points) This layers tests basic knowledge and understanding. If you can successfully explain and articulate all the concepts clearly and accurately in each activity you can earn a grade no higher than a "C+" or 79.49 points on the unit. You can choose any combination of assignments and will have to defend your understanding orally to the teacher.
 * C Layer**

(maximum of 10 points) In this layer you will apply the information learned in the C layer using problem solving and other higher level thinking tasks. If you can successfully explain and articulate all the concepts clearly and accurately in each activity and have got full points on the C layer you can earn a grade no higher than a "B+" or 89.49 points. You are free to choose any combination of assignments you want and in any order. You will have 5-10 minutes to defend your understanding orally to the teacher.
 * B Layer**

(maximum of 10 points) In this layer you will demonstrate critical thinking and analysis skills. If you can successfully explain and articulate the major concepts clearly and accurately and have got full points on the C and B layer you will earn an "A" or 100 points on the unit.
 * A Layer**

Assessment
As you finish each task or group of tasks in a unit, you need to orally defend your understanding (called the oral defense) to the teacher, on a one-on-one basis by referring to your notes, labeled diagram or demonstrating what you have learned. Points are awarded in the following way. You can explain and articulate all the major concepts in the activity / unit clearly and accurately.
 * 100% **
 * 80%**

You can explain most of the concepts in the activity / unit clearly, but some concepts lack depth of understanding. **70%**

You have difficulty explaining many of the key concepts in the activity / unit and demonstrate at least one major misunderstanding or misconception. **60%**

You have an understanding that is minimal, incomplete or filled with misconceptions or misunderstandings.

Timeline
Units can be completed in any order and should take four class periods to complete. You can complete any four of the five units. Finish the activities and the oral defenses for the first unit by the end of class on Tuesday April 15th Finish the activities and the oral defenses for the second unit by end of class on Friday April 25th Finish the activities and the oral defense for the third unit by end of class on Monday May 12th Finish the activities and the oral defense for the fourth unit by end of class on Thursday May 22nd May 26th will be makeup lesson to finish up any additional oral defenses.

Note Taking
Please make sure you keep organized and detailed notes for each activity because you will be using these to review for your Semester 2 exam.

Homework
It is expected that you will spend at least half an hour per class on homework

Resources
Your Physics text book and the internet are your major sources. Ms Jordan also has additional textbook for use during class. If you find a useful web resource, add it to the list below as a link and write a sentence outlining its usefulness.

How light Pollution is harming wildlife http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0417_030417_tvlightpollution.html
 * Interesting Articles**

http://www.howstuffworks.com/ How stuff works
 * General**

http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Physics/8-03Fall-2004/VideoLectures/index.htm video lecture from MIT on waves. http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/hs/home/home/index.htm site from MIT with lots of open course software for students http://sunshine.chpc.utah.edu/labs/waves/wave_basics/waves.htm About waves http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es1604/es1604page01.cfm?chapter_no=16 Animation of a water (mechanical) wave. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/Phys/Class/waves/wavestoc.html http://www.sciencejoywagon.com/physicszone/09waves/ Lessons on waves, light and sound. Q:\Elements_of_Physics__Waves__Sound_and_Electromagnetism Excellent 25 min movie on the Principle of Waves. Can only be accessed by the teacher.
 * Waves**

http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/physics/star_stories/ How stars are born, how they get their light and what happens when their light goes out http://youtube.com/watch?v=y801N5DtQ8I The laws of reflection and refraction with Mr Noon. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7_wL0ZZi6k How camera lenses are made
 * Light**

http://www.sciencejoywagon.com/explrsci/media/tonebeat.htm http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VEiEBEadZFI Mythbusters Ruben's Tube. Fire and Sound waves. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UB-9nkSTjuM&feature=related Interference with a guitar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T9DmbEjTv2o Physics with Mr Noon - about sound waves http://www.youtube.com/profile_videos?user=sciencetheater&p=r Dr Carlson's theater - types of waves http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFLeGJclQiI&feature=related Sound vibrations - a very humorous movie on sound http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=voL0qDbjfSg&feature=related Sound waves in salt [|http://www.fisica.uniud.it/~deangeli/applets/Multimedia/Waves_java/Doppler/doppler.htm] Doppler effect applet
 * Sound**

**C layer**
Choose any 8 activities. Each is worth 10 points. You need to be able to defend 20 points ( two 10 point activities) at a time in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Distinguish between luminous and illuminated light sources and give examples of each type. Explain why the moon can be seen from earth. 2. Explain how shadows are formed. Better still demonstrate how shadows are formed. 3. Demonstrate that light travels in straight lines. 4. Use a labeled diagram to outline the laws of reflection. 5. Distinguish between the types of images formed in plain, concave and convex mirrors. Describe how the image changes as the distance between the mirror and the object increases. 6. Suppose you wanted to look in a mirror and see the word NEAR. How would you write the letters on paper. Describe four properties of an image in a plane mirror that this demonstration shows. 7. Using a diagram show the difference between the object and its image formed in a plane mirror. Explain the position of an image formed by a plane mirror. 8. Demonstrate that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection in a plane mirror. 9. Research the everyday uses of concave and convex mirrors and explain why they are used for that purpose. 10. Using the optical bench applet distinguish show how a beam of light behaves when it hits a concave and convex mirror. Distinguish between real and virtual images. [| http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] 11. Find an animation or video on the internet that demonstrates the principle reflection (not from brainpop or from the resource list above). Be able to explain 3 concepts learned from the video or animation.

**B Layer**
Choose two activities. Each is worth a maximum of 5 points. You need to be able to defend both activities at one time in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Using the optical bench applet draw ray diagrams to demonstrate how the image formed by concave and convex mirrors changes as the distance between the object and the mirror changes. During your oral defense be able to confirm your predictions with real concave and convex mirrors. [|http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] 2. Make a Kaleidoscope. Produce a labeled diagram of your kaleidoscope and explain how it works. 3. Research how optical fibers in an endoscope or in communications use optical fibers and the principal of total internal reflection to transfer light or information. Explain using labeled diagrams. 4. Choose one activity from the B layer and one activity from the C layer and post it on the wiki.If someone has already posted on that topic, improve on it by adding new material or editing. Otherwise post on a different activity. Evidence of three or more of the following wiki skills is required: linking to a URL, importing an image/photo; link to video, changing font size, style and color.

**A layer**
Choose one activity worth a maximum of 10 points. You need to be able to defend your understanding in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse.

1. Make a periscope that works. Produce a labeled diagram of the periscope to explain how it works. 2. Design an experiment to investigate the albedo of different surfaces. See Ms Jordan for the information sheet. Record your results in a data table display on a graph. Describe what your data infers about the albedo of surfaces. Make sure the graph has a axes labeled with the independent variable on the x axis and the dependent variable on the y axis, units of measurement for each variable in brackets, an appropriate scale, is an appropriate size, 11 -12 point font, accurately plotted data points, called a figure, have a descriptive title that describes the dependent (x axis) and independent (y axis) underneath the graph. 3. Conduct a literature search about light and find a recent (less than 5 years old) article from a credible scientific-based journal, magazine or newspaper. Write a half page review of the article in your own words.

**C Layer**
Choose seven activities. Each is worth 11.35 points. You need to be able to defend two to three activities at a time in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Outline what causes light to refract. 2. Demonstrate refraction in a prism. 3. Use the optical bench applet [|http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] to help you distinguish between a converging (convex) and diverging (concave) lens. 4. Draw the ray diagram to show the passage of light rays though glass. Label the normal, incident ray, refracted ray, angle of incidence, angle of refraction. Explain quantitatively how the angle of incidence and refraction changes. 5. Distinguish between reflection and refraction. 6. Find an animation or video on the internet that demonstrates the principle refraction (not from brainpop). Explain 5 concepts learned from the video. 7. Write two question about the refraction, one starting with what and one starting with why. Write a model answer for each question. 8. Explain quantitatively why you see lightning before you hear thunder.

**B layer**
Choose two activities. Each is worth a maximum of 5 points. You need to be able to defend both activities at one time and take no more than ten minutes to do this. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Explain using labeled diagrams __two__ of the following. a) Why a pool of water appears shallower than it really is b) Why you can see much better underwater when wearing goggles c) Why a pencil appears to bend when placed in water. 2. Use the optical bench applet [|http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] to demonstrate how the image formed by concave and convex lenses changes as the distance between the object and the lens changed. During your oral defense be able to confirm your predictions with real concave and convex lenses. 3. Choose one activity from the B layer and one activity from the C layer and post it on the wiki.If someone has already posted on that topic you can improve on it by adding new material or editing. Otherwise post on a different activity. Evidence of three or more of the following wiki skills is required: linking to a URL, importing an image/photo; link to video, changing font size, color and style. 4. Using a labeled diagram describe the principle of total internal reflection. Demonstrate using a laser pointer. (Do not do this activity if you completed it in Unit 1)

**A layer**
Choose one activity worth a maximum of 10 points. You need to be able to defend your understanding in no more than ten minutes.

1. For the math whiz. Read about Snells Law on pages 396-398 of Glencoe Physics and answer the practice problems on page 400. 2. State the equation that relates wavelength, speed and frequency of a wave. Create five problems using this equation, the questions and detailed answers. There must be at least one question with each variable as the subject. 3. Using Snell's law quantitatively explain what happens to a ray of light when it passing from air through three different transparent substances. 4. Explain in terms of the optical properties of light what causes a mirage. Find an image that shows a mirage.

**Layer C**
Choose eight activities. Each is worth 10 points. You need to be able to defend twenty points (two 10 point activities) at a time and take no more than ten minutes to do this. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Using the optical bench applet describe how a beam of light travels through two lenses, first a convex and then a concave lens. Compare with a single concave lens. What would be an advantage of using these two lenses to see. [|http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] 2. Using the optical bench applet set up for C1 show what happens to a beam of light when the concave and convex lenses are moved closer or farther apart. [| http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] 3. Find an animation or video (not from brain pop) on the internet that demonstrates how light interacts with lenses. Explain five concepts learned. 4. Find a labeled diagram of a compound microscope and human eye. Identify the type of lenses they use. 5. Research an eye disorder of you choice (not near or far sightedness), its symptoms, cause and how it can be fixed. 6. Write three question about lenses, one starting with who, one starting with what and one starting with why. Write a model answer for each question. 7. Watch the following brainpop videos and complete the printable quiz for each one (print out the quiz). Check your answers and be able to explain the strengths and weaknesses in your understanding. http://www.brainpop.com/health/bodysystems/eyes/ http://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditions/visionproblems/ 8. Watch the following brainpop videos and complete the printable quiz for each one (print out the quiz). Check your answers and be able to explain the strengths and weaknesses in your understanding.User ID: saschina password: shanghai http://www.brainpop.com/science/space/telescopes/ http://www.brainpop.com/artsandmusic/artconcepts/cameras/ http://www.brainpop.com/science/scientificinquriry/microscopes/ 9. Watch the you tube video called [|Light at work] on the cool stuff that Optical Engineers design. Share 5 things you learned from the video. 10. Using the optical bench and a concave and convex lens explain the difference between virtual and real images. [| http://www.hazelwood.k12.mo.us/~grichert/optics/intro.html] 11. State with a reason what kind of lens you would use for a magnifying lens. Explain how a magnifying lens can be used to start a fire. Describe how to determine the magnification of a lens.

**Layer B**
Choose two activities. Each is worth a maximum of 5 points. You need to be able to defend both activities at one time and take no more than ten minutes to do this. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Explain how the cornea and lens of the eye work to produce an image on the retina. Explain how lenses can be used to correct near (short) and far (long) sightedness. 2. Research real microscopes, their cost, and types. At least 1/2 page of notes with diagrams.Explain using light ray diagrams how a microscope works. 3. Describe the principles behind how a hologram is made and state some of their uses. 4. Choose one activity from the B layer and one activity from the C layer and post it on the wiki. If someone has already posted on that topic, improve on it by adding new material or editing. Otherwise post on a different activity. Evidence of three or more of the following wiki skills is required: linking to a URL, importing an image/photo; link to video, changing font size, color and style. If you have already done a wiki posting do not do this activity.

**Layer A**
Choose one activity. It is worth a maximum of 10 points. You need to be able to defend your understanding in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse.

1. Explain using a labeled light ray diagram how a camera works. Explain the role of shutter speed, the process of developing a film. 2. Make a simple pinhole camera and draw and describe the image formed. Explain its operation and draw a ray diagram to show the result of varying the object distance or the length of the camera. If you can use a darkroom to develop some real photographs. 3. Dissect a sheep’s eye and remove the lens. Determine its optical properties. 4. For the math whiz. Research the lens formula and use it to determine the position and nature of the image formed by a convex lens of focal length 15cm, of an object placed 20cm from the lens. 5. Ask a friend to look at the bright light from a flashlight. Note the size of the pupil and iris. Then cup your hand over the partner’s eye. How does the iris respond to the change in light? What happens to the size of the pupil? Draw two diagrams showing the changes in the pupil and the iris with the changes in light intensity.

**Layer C**
Choose 7 activities. Each is worth 11.4 points. You need to be able to defend three to four activities at a time and take no more than ten minutes to do this. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Using diagrams or images explain the dispersion of light. 2. Describe how white light is produced. 3. Explain using diagrams how a rainbow is produced and demonstrate how to make a rainbow. 4. Draw the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum showing the different colors of light, their wavelengths and frequencies. 5. Read pages 382-386 (up to polarization of light) in Glenco Physics and answer the section review questions on page 388 (2.1 – 2.4). 6. Is black a color? Explain why an object appears to be black. 7. Write two question about the physics of color, one starting with what and one starting with why. Write a model answer for each question. 8. Watch the following brainpop video and complete the printable quiz (print out the quiz). Check you answers and be able to explain the strengths and weaknesses in your understanding.http://www.brainpop.com/science/energy/color/ 9. Draw a Venn diagram with the three primary colors as circles. Label all the colors you would find in the overlapping circles.

**Layer B**
Choose two activities. Each is worth a maximum of 5 points. You need to be able to defend both activities at one time in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Explain using diagrams why an apple appears red. Describe using diagrams how at least three different colored filters would effect the color of a red apple. Show using diagrams the appearance of the apple in the filtered light. 2. Choose one activity from the B layer and one activity from the C layer and post it on the wiki.If someone has already posted on that topic, improve on it by adding new material or editing. Otherwise post on a different activity. Evidence of three or more of the following wiki skills is required: linking to a URL, importing an image/photo; link to video, changing font size, color and style. 3. Find two articles from the internet. One needs to have good factual information about the principles of light and color that you would use as a credible and helpful resource. It needs to be the sort of informative website that you would recommend to other G9 students. The second needs to be a website that contains factual information about the principles of light and color but you would not recommend. Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each site. 4. Use a spectroscope to determine the wavelength of the different colors of white light. Direct the slit in the spectroscope towards a bright portion of the sky, but do not look at the sun. Record your quantitative and qualitative observations. 5. Explain the different kinds of colorblindness and find out about the tests used to diagnose it. Quite often is one parent is colorblind some of the children will also be colorblind. Explain why. Describe the scientific principles outlined in the article '//The upside of colorblindness//' from Discover Magazine. http://discovermagazine.com/2007/apr/the-upside-of-color-blindness

**Layer A**
Choose one activity worth a maximum of 10 points. You need to be able to defend your understanding in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Read pages 386 - 388 (polarization of light) in Glenco Physics and describe a demonstration you could do to determine whether a pair of sunglasses was polarizing. 2. Using light ray diagrams explain how a polarizing filter on a camera lens works and using images show the effects of photographs taken with and without a polarizing filter. 3. Explain using diagrams the frequencies / color of light needed by plants for photosynthesis. Explain the scientific concepts described in the article '//Psychedelic Space Plants//' from Discover magazine http://discovermagazine.com/2007/apr/space-plants

**Layer C**
Choose six activities. Each is worth 13.3 points. You need to be able to defend twenty four points (three 16 point activities) at a time and take no more than ten minutes to do this. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Distinguish between mechanical and electromagnetic waves. State three sources of each type of wave. 2. Using a labeled diagram contrast how the wave energy and the particles of the medium travel in transverse and longitudinal waves. Be able to demonstrate using a slinky spring. 3. Use a diagram to distinguish between the wavelength, frequency and amplitude of a wave. 4. Write three problems and solutions to find each of the three variables in the wave equation    v = f • 5. Find an animation or video on the internet (not from the ones listed in the resource section above) on the physics of sound. Be able to explain 5 concepts demonstrated. 6. Draw of find a labeled diagram of the ear and be able to identify the three different parts (outer ear, inner ear and middle ear). Explain using your knowledge of the ear why when get older a person’s limit of audibility decreases. 7. Explain the difference between music and noise. Using your understanding of amplitude and energy explain and demonstrate what makes a musical note louder. 8. Using diagrams explain the Doppler Effect and illustrate its application. 9. Mr Malone on a trip to Bali got an ear infection due to a condition he has called surfers ear. Find out about the condition and explain why he got a middle ear infection.

**Layer B**
Choose two activities. Each is worth a maximum of 5 points. You need to be able to defend all four activities at one time in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Draw the waveform of a loud low pitched note and a soft high pitched note. 2. Explain how a hearing aid works. Research some different types of hearing aids and who would use them. 3. Using labeled diagrams explain how the echo sounding system called sonar can be used to measure the depth of the water or locate objects. 4. Choose one activity from the B layer and one activity from the C layer and post it on the wiki. If someone has already posted on that topic, improve on it by adding new material or editing. Otherwise post on a different activity. Evidence of three or more of the following wiki skills is required: linking to a URL, importing an image/photo; link to video, changing font size, style and color. You can not choose this activity if you have completed it in one of the other units.

**Layer A**
Choose one activity worth a maximum of 10 points. You need to be able to defend your understanding in no more than ten minutes. Please rehearse your explanations.

1. Draw plans for a perfectly sounding concert hall. Your plan should include a labeled diagram/s of the concert hall, and the types of materials used. 2. Using the equation v = d ÷ t and a practical demonstration calculate the speed of sound in air. Determine the percentage error and offer suggestions for any modification to your procedure to minimize the error. Find out the speed of sound in water and show using formula and a specific example how sonar can be used to calculate the depth of an object in water. 3. Build a speaker from wood or other materials that can be used to listen to music from your ipod. 4. Demonstrate and explain using the principles of sound the variation in sound between at least two instruments or voices using the audacity software.